CHAPTER ONE:
TELEVISION AND COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA.
INTRODUCTION:
Television
as a mass medium of communication has become very important and most effective
medium of communication ever since its invention. It synchronous transmission
of audio and visual signal enable it to exert enormous influence on the society
thereby making it more compelling enable it to command great respect and
attention than the other media.
Its
significance is that it has become a nerve linking the society and its activities
together. This explain the reason why government of developing countries,
especially Nigeria are enchanted by the power of television, thereby using it
to publicize most of their programmes to promote unity and cultural upliftment of the people.
Television
creates awareness of different life style in a society. In doing this, emphasis
are placed on similarities in life style and this is beneficial to developing
nations like Nigeria where loyalties rarely extend beyond the village, tribe or
religion.
Therefore,
television and community plays the role of creating sense of identification
through the propagation of common cultural values and symbol by giving
interpretations to events that will aid and promote unity of the nation.
However the television medium should desists from interpreting events in such a
way that it may rise to disaffection, inflame tempers and course disunity among
the people with diverse cultural norms, belief and values.
It
can therefore be held that television due to the role it plays in limiting
people with different culture, religion, tribe and even race reflects the value
pattern of the society because it determines where and when information
flows.
1.1: THE
CONCEPT OF MASS MEDIA.
Concept
is an abstraction or generalization from experience or the result of a
transformation of existing concepts.
Concepts
in mass media can be more of television, radio, newspaper and magazine to pass
information.
According
to Livesey (2011) says:
Mass
media refers to channels of communication that involves transmitting
information in some way, shape or form to large
numbers of people.
Mass
media can also be seen as a diversified media technologies that are intended to
reach a large audience by mass communication.
Chegg
Says that:
Mass
media consists of the various means by
which information reaches large numbers of people. These means or channels could be television, radio,
magazines and newspapers.
Sociologists
study mass media especially to see how it shapes people's values, beliefs, perceptions
and behaviour. For example, mass media contributes to socialization including
gender socialization as movies teach young people. Mass media also affects
social movement; for example, news coverage of the U.S-Vietnam war helped to
spark the 1960s anti-war movement. Therefore, the mass media can be referred to
as different channels which are used to convey messages or information to a
large group of people in the society.
Okunna
and Omenugha (2012) posit:
That
mass communication messages are transmitted to a huge audience through
artificial channels or machines called the mass media.
These
mass media are referred to as artificial persons because they have been set up
to act as persons, they are institutionalized channels and are generally
considered to be newspapers, magazines, radio, film, television and books.
1.2: THE BRANCHES OF MASS MEDIA.
There
are different types of mass media . They comprise of the Print and Broadcast
media.
A: THE PRINT MEDIA.
The
print media is the oldest of the mass media which has been in existence for a
very long time. Starting from ancient times, the print media have proliferated
all over the world because of their many advantages, they have also remained
popular channels of mass communication, in spite of the phenomenal development
of the electronic media in the modern world. It can also be seen as
light-weight, portable, disposable publication printed on paper and circulated as physical copies. Such as books,
newspapers, magazines and so many others.
This
day, many books, magazines and newspapers publish digital electronic editions
on the internet.
TYPES OF PRINT MEDIA.
THE BOOK.
A
book is a set of written, printed or blank pages fastened along one side and
encased between protective covers. It is also a bound publication.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BOOK.
a.
Books are the oldest medium of mass
communication.
b.
The preparation and production of a
book can be in months.
c.
Book is a medium of education
d.
A book is used for storing and retrieving
of information
e.
According to Google, there may be
130 thousand books in circulation.
THE NEWSPAPPER.
A
newspaper is an unbound printed publication that is issued at regular intervals
which present information in words, often supplemented with pictures and they
are also collections of printed pages folded together.
CHARACTERISTICS OF NEWSPAPER.
a.
Their content is mostly on public
affairs and events information reporting with some entertainment.
b.
The preparation and production of a
newspaper take hours.
c.
It must offer freedom of access to
all readers. (that is, it must be available to everyone to purchase).
THE MAGAZINE.
A
magazine is a bound of publication or pamphlet issued more or less regularly containing variety of reading
matter.
The
word magazine is derived from the French word 'magasin' which means storehouse. In its earliest form, the magazine
had a very wide variety of content, thus serving as a real storehouse of
reading materials for its audience.
CHARCTERISTICS OF MAGAZINE.
a.
A magazine content is mostly
entertaining
b.
The preparation and production of a
magazine can take weeks or months.
c.
A magazine has variety of contents
or reading matters.
B: ELECTRONIC MEDIA, THE BROADCAST
MEDIA
THE
ELECTRONIC MEDIA:
The electronic media
which is also known as the ''NEW MEDIA'' came to existence first with film,
next radio, finally television. (sandman et al. 1976, p 57). All electronic
media depend on electricity for the transmission of their messages to their
audience.
THE
CINEMA: The
twentieth century signalled the era of electronic communication. First to
develop was the cinema . The word 'cinema' originated from 'kinema' the Greek word for 'motion'. This is why the
cinema is also called motion picture or movie. Many people often do not of the
cinema as an electronic medium but the cinema or film realise on electricity
for it operation. Moreover, film has very much in common with television
because both of them use visual imagery. In the contemporary world, although
the presence of television has more or less weakened movie- going, the cinema
as a mass medium is still available to large audiences in different part of the
world. For instance, in Nigeria we have cinema theatres where people go to
watch their favourite movies. In cinema's like Silverbird Cinema, Genesis
Cinema, Leisure Mall Cinema, Ozone and Cine Afrik etc. Cinema industry is
waxing very strong in Indian, United State of America and Japan. The three top
movie producing countries in the world as rated by cable news network (CNN). Till date one of the movies that
garnered one of the most phenomenal audiences in the modern history of the
cinema was the "TITANICS" in the United State in 1998.
The
broadcast are electronic media of communication to which large and wider
audience receive message or information simultaneously.
The
broadcast and electronic media today are portable sources of entertainment and
information distributed by wired and
wireless radio, television station networks, sound and video recordings and the
mobile internet.
The
broadcast media offer informative and entertaining content of both general and
special interest. However, today many radio and television stations and
networks publish digital electronic editions or versions on the internet
alongside the publishers of books, newspapers and magazines. This coming
together on global networks is called convergence.
TYPES OF BROADCAST MEDIA.
RADIO.
Radio
is an audio medium and a mass medium. Radio broadcasting is a one-way
communication to a broad or large audience. As a mass medium, it has capacity
to cut through the barriers of illiteracy and poor infrastructural facilities
which could limit the ability of the print media to reach large audiences. In
addition, radio has other peculiarities which make it the true mass medium, in
terms of reaching a mass audience in the developing world. Radio is relatively cheap and can operate without
electricity; makes it capable
of
being within the reach of third-world populations than television which can
also transcend such barriers as illiteracy and infrastructural facilities.
Radio is portable, and transistor radio sets are widely owned all over the
third world, even in remote rural areas. In most developing countries, radio is
by far the mostly widely used mass medium. Rural dwellers prefer radio because
it is cheap and portable. It can be used by both the educated and illiterate.
And some radio stations broadcast more than 80 percent of their programmes in
their vernacular language. Most radio stations broadcast music while some
transmit news, sports talk and religious programmes.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIO.
a.
Radio media transmit audio content
wirelessly.
b.
Radio stations can be linked
together in networks.
c.
Radio is portable and affordable
d.
It informs and entertain people.
MOBILE WEB OR MOBILE INTERNET.
Mobile
web or mobile internet employs a web browser or a mobile device such as smart
phone, laptop or tablet computer to access the internet via wireless network.
1.3 THE CONCEPT OF TELEVISION IN
NIGERIA
Television
broadcasting in Nigeria started with the initiative of the first Western Region
premier, Chief Obafemi Awolowo on October 31, 1959 launched television broadcasting
at Ibadan the headquarters of the region.
The
western region government went into partnership with the overseas re-diffusion
Limited. The western Nigeria radio vision service limited was created with the
responsibility of radio and TV broadcasting under one management.
A small transmitter of 500 watts power was
mounted on mapo hill in Ibadan and another at Abafon near Ikorodu. The
television was therefore established to disseminate information and entertain
viewers. The radio and television stations in the western region pioneered
commercial broadcasting in Nigeria to supplement government subvention.
In
1962, the western region government took full control of WNBS/WNTV by buying
over all shares held by the overseas re-diffusion limited.
In
the same year, the Nigeria television service was born in Lagos with the radio
corporation of American (RCA) and the nation broadcasting company international
limited managing the station. But the management was eventually handed over to
Reverend Victor Badejo, who was the acting director general of the NBC.
The NTS later changed
its name to NBC/TV. The federal military government of Nigeria under general
Olusegun Obasanjo took the television station in Nigeria in 1978 and changed
its name to Nigeria TV Authority (NTA). Today, Nigeria has thirty-six states
with each aspiring to set up her own TV station. The federal government is also
making effort to establish a branch of NTA in each state.
In
1976, TV stations started beaming colour programmes thus, however, opened in
the history of TV broadcasting in Nigeria with the federal government take over
of all TV services in 1978.
All
TV stations are made to beam network programmes. Many states government
established more TV and Radio stations since then most of the state television
stations have been competiting favourably with the federal government station.
1.4
THE HISTORY OF TELEVISION.
The
invention of television was the work of many individuals in the 19th and early
20th century. Television involves the process by which information is
disseminated through audiovisual medium. The global history of TV came into
existence in the year 1920 although its begins in the nineteenth century.
Television developed from a combination of the ideas of film theatre and radio.
The development of modern television technology began with the invention of the
iconscope and the kinescope. These device were the basis for television
transmission and reception respectively
and were invented in 1923 by a Russian immigrant in the united states of
America, named Vladimir Zworkyin. The iconscope tube used electrons to detect
and transmit pictures instantly. His invention transformed TV into electronic
medium. Before, this time, television technology depends on the mechanical
reproduction of visual images.
THE CHRONICLE ACCOUNT OF TELEVISION
IN NIGERIA.
These
days, what people think about in every issue, be it politics, religion, government, fashion, culture is almost
exclusively influenced by television.
Akpan
ed: 2008) says that:
Television
is a new medium that would not only
convey messages but convey it accurately with the audio and visual details of
the message.
Ajibade
2010 states that:
No
news medium anywhere in the world exists in a vacuum. News media operate within
clearly defined environment, which influence the environment and growth of the
mass media and are in turn influenced by the mass media. Television
broadcasting in Nigeria started with the initiative of the first Western Region
Premier, Chief Obafemi Awolowo on October 31, 1959. The legendary Chief Obafemi
Awolowo established the Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) in Ibadan. It was the first station in African. The establishment
of this Africa's first television station in Ibadan was as a result of the
urgent need for the press coupled with the protest borne out of the
socio-political disagreement between the leader of opposition, Chief Obafemi
Awolowo and the central government.
In
1953, Chief Obafemi Awolowo the leader of the Action Group, who controlled the
Western Region, criticized the newly introduced Macpherson constitution for
falling short of the expectations of the nationalists.
The
then British Governor General Sir, John Macpherson went to Nigeria Broadcasting
Service (NBS) and made broadcast in defence of the constitution and accused
Awolowo of unfaithfulness. Chief Awolowo wanted NBS to give him equal time to
make a rebuttal of the allegation against him but his request was not granted.
This event led to the demand for the establishment of separate individual
regional broadcasting station. Fortunately, the 1954 Nigeria constitution
provided that regional governments could establish broadcasting services.
The Western
Region blazed the trail on October 1, 1959 by establishing the first
television, the former eastern region followed suit in October 1, 1960 by
establishing its own television broadcasting stations. Both Western and Eastern
Regions went into partnership with British Overseas Re-Diffusion limited, which
constructed and managed their broadcasting systems. They eventually paid off
the company.
In 1962, the
Northern Region established its own
broadcasting systems.
The regional
broadcasting systems were completely independent of the federal government. The
only relationship between them was that region needed to get frequency
allocation from the federal government. The regionalization of the broadcasting
later led to ethnic or tribal loyalties. These modern mass media were used as
instruments for the circulation of regional interests, which were sometimes
conflicting. Regional integration and awareness were given priority above
national integration and unity.
During political
crises, regional media became more powerful than NBC.
Moreover, NBC
had been moddled after the BBC as a
public service corporation. But for the fact that the state broadcasting system
had gone commercial so as to subvert some of its huge expenses. In November
1960, NBC began to accept advertisements when the act of incorporation was
amended while during the Murtala/Obasanjo military administration, the NBC was
barred from accepting, advertisement and getting involved in commercial
broadcasting.
1.5 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF
TELEVISION.
1.
Television
is an audio-visual medium.
Television
as an audio-visual comprises of sound and visual. This audio visual character
of television makes it a magic medium which allows us to watch the world from
our room or homes. This audio-visual also makes television images more
memorable.
2.
Television
is a mass medium.
It
is a mass medium because there are large number of people who cannot read a
newspaper but can watch television and anyone with a television receiver can
access the information shown on television. This makes it an ideal medium to
transmit messages to a large audience.
3.
Television
is a lively medium.
It is a lively medium because the live nature of
television allows it to transmit visuals and information almost the same time.
For
instance, an earthquake that happened in Indonesia can reach our television set
in an hour. This capacity of a medium makes it ideal for transmitting live
visuals of news and sports events.
4.
Television
is expensive.
It
is expensive because most people in rural and urban areas cannot afford to buy
a television set.
5.
Television
is seen as a domestic medium.
To
watch television we don't need to leave our room or go to a cinema to watch
films. We can watch television in the comfort of our home with our families. This
is more reason why television is regarded as a domestic medium. It provides
entertainment and information right inside our homes and it has become part of
our everyday lives. Even some families make it a point to watch their favourite
serial at a particular time and adjust their dinner timings accordingly.
We
have noticed that a newspaper report has an impersonal tone, whereas the
television anchor addresses directly.
CHAPTER TWO:
2.0: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN
NIGERIA
Community
development in Nigeria is as old as history itself, it could be traced to the
early men and his settlement into community which was brought about by the
discovery of fire and farming.
Before
the coming of colonial masters, Nigeria as a whole has employed commercial
efforts as the means for mobilizing community resources with the aim of
developing her localities.
However,
in as much as development is meant to advance the total well being of the
individual and social economic advancement of the nation at large; it must take
into account the enlightenment of everybody through education. Since Nigeria's
independence in 1960 till date, the vast rural communities of the country are
in deportable state, it is an established fact that majority of Nigeria's that
lives in rural community are characterized by illiteracy, disease, exploration,
neglect and equality being oppressed by the nation they belong to.
According
to Anyanwu (1992) that says:
Most
of our rural areas suffers from inadequate provision of social infrastructures,
employment opportunities, low life expectancy, malnutrition and diseases.
Adelemo
1993: says that:
As
regard to the level of economic development,
quality of life, access to opportunities, facilities, amenities, standard
of living, general liability and the gap
between the urban and rural communities in Nigeria is very large and
noticeable.
Still
on the same ground Omosuji (2004) disclosed that:
Rural
areas is a geographical location or an area
which is inhabited by a population which is less than five thousand (5,000)
people, majority of whom are farmers and whose economy is predominantly
agrarian in nature.
However,
it is virtually impossible for the poor to acquire the bare essentials of life,
let alone contributing meaningfully to the growth of the society within a
national setting.
Adebayo
Adedeji (2002) says:
By
enlightening a man you are developing the community. Therefore community
development have to be man's oriented.
And
when a man's needs are met, he strives for other higher needs which brings self
actualization. Community as a political entity is always influenced by the
politics of who will be the leader within the members based on the level of
community development. Most of the leaders of community development are
illiterate who may not know how to use modern equipment for development
purposes.
2.1: MASS MEDIA INFUENCE ON THE SOCIETY.
Over
the past 50 years, with the advent of the internet, media influence has grown exponentially with the advance of
technology.
Firstly,
there were books, newspapers, magazines, photograph, sound recordings, films,
radio, television, the new media of internet and now the social media. Today,
just about everyone depends on information and
communication to keep their lives moving through daily activities like
work, education, healthcare, leisure activities, travelling, personal
relationships and other. It is not unusual to wake up check your phone for
messages and notifications, look at the newspaper, listen to radio or watch television
for news, make phone calls, read emails, chat with friends at work, eat meals
with family and make decisions based on the information we gather from mass
media and interpersonal media sources. We need to be aware that the values we
hold, the beliefs we harbour and the decisions we make are based on our
experiences, education and what we know for a fact. We rely on mass media for
the current news and facts about what is important and what we should be aware
of and we trust the media as an authority for news, information, education and
entertainment. The degree of influence depends on the availability and
pervasiveness of media. All of the traditional mass media still have great
influence over our lives.
Books
once were supremely influential because they came first before newspapers
magazines, radio and television. Newspapers and magazines became great
influencers after they were developed. Sound recordings, films, radio and
television are also very influential because we are being entertained and informed
through them. As the 20th century closed, television exposed us to untold
numbers of images of advertising, marketing, violence, relief, celebrities,
drama and much more.
New
media and social media distributions channels have appeared in the 21st century
and it is been delivered via the world wide web (WWW) across the internet, we
are daily influenced by blogs, wikis, social networks and myriad forms of
content sharing.
2.2: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND COMMUNICATION.
Community
development seeks to empower individual
and groups of people by providing them with the skills they need to effect in
their own communities, these skills are often created through the formation of
large social groups working for a common agenda. Community developers must
understand both how to work with individuals and how to affect communities
positions within the context of larger social institutions.
This
goal can only be achieved if the people's problems are made known publicly and it can be
achieved by means of communication. In any development there must be
communication, this is to say that development is synonymous with communication
because communication is the rock of any development.
In
support of the opinion that communication can oil the machines of development
Schram (1964) expressed optimism about the role of mass media in community
development. ''The mass media can contribute substantially to the amount and
kinds of information available to the people of a developing country, they can
widen horizons and thus help to build empathy and focus attention on
problem goals of development, they can
also raise personal and national aspirations directly''. The need for the use
of mass media in quickening community development are re-echoing
significantly.
Akpan
(1986) hit on the point when he emphasize on the additional role of mass media
that communication media serves as a community link by binding the people
together.
That
is not necessarily getting the people to agree with everything that is done but
suggesting different points of views and solutions to a point. It could be seen
from foregoing roles that the mass media provide information and education,
personal identity, entertainment and social interaction by giving insight into
the circumstances of others as well as by helping with the development of
social empathy and this information leads only a few to change behavioural and
development is concerned with behavioural change.
In
other words, articulated and proper
communication framework aimed at incorporating both the ruralities and their
own channel of communication towards development, should be uppermost in the
minds of our policy makers. This entails adopting media programming technique
that will ensure efficiency and vibrancy.
Communication
as we all know in the world of today has developed over a number of centuries.
The sophistication and complexity which characterize human communication in the
modern world are the result of a very long and sustained effort by human beings
to improve on one of the most fundamental aspects of their existence.
Referring
to evolution, the MacBride commission (P.27) notes: ''As the world has advanced,
the task of communication has become even more complex......In explaining this
complexity, MacBride and his colleagues.
MacBride
etal (1981: P.3) have this to say;
Throughout
history, human beings have sought to improve their ability to receive and
assimilate information about their surroundings and at the same time to
increase the speed, clarity and variety of their methods for transmission of
information.
In
addition to being complex, communication is also very old; in fact,
communication is old as humanity. The first human beings to inhabit this earth
lived in caves, they looked and behaved more like apes. Even during those
pre-historic times, some forms of communication existed. Before the development
of language, this communication was mostly through touch (tactile
communication) and vocal signs.
Communication
has been defined by different scholars in different ways.
J.A
SAMBE in introduction to mass communication practices in Nigeria defines
communication as a process whereby information, ideas, feelings, opinions are
exchanged between two parties or more.
JAYAWERA
defines communication as an interaction process through which persons or group
relate to each other and share information, experience and culture.
FISKE
defines communication as a social interaction through message. In all these
definitions we see that the basic idea is that something is transferred and
transmitted from one person to another during the communication process. This also means that without the people there won't
be anything like communication because there must be a transfer or transmit of
something between people.
To
communicate ''basically means to share ideas, information, opinions or
experience between people''. This is what (Hovland etal 1953) mean when they
said ''communication is the process by which an individual (the communicator)
transmits stimuli (usually verbal) to modify the behaviour (the audience).
Communication
simply means to pass on a message or information, formal or informal, to
getting a feedback communication.
A
philosopher named Thayer shares this common view when he said, '' the way in
which we relate to each other communicatively determine the kind of society we
are going to have'' whether it is person to person or mediated, formal or
informal, verbal or non-verbal, written or unwritten communication is a
phenomenon larger than life which connects us instantly to the rest of the
world.
2.3: THE PRIVATIZATION OF
TELEVISION IN NIGERIA.
Privatization
is the process with the government either partly or wholly
transfers
equity investment of ownership in a business enterprise to private investors.
Between
1959 and 1992 broadcasting organizations had been part and parcel of public
service. The industry was subjected to high degree of control and interference
by the government and was used as public service instrument designed to
propagate government activities. The broadcasting stations were, therefore
committed to giving air time to government agencies which have no commercial
value.
This
monopoly of government ownership of electronic media was sustained due to the
following assumptions. Among them was the argument put forward by a one-time
information minister, Prince Tony Momsh, that privatization is likely to affect
the unity of the nation as well as our national security.
Again
Chief Alex Akinyele, as a one - time information minister said that since
Nigerian were not starved of information by reason of the non-existence of such
private electronic media, it could not be said to constitute a priority for the
common man. He feels rather very strongly that private television and radio is
patently dangerous and that it is a costly diversion.
Furthermore,
there has also been the supposition that Nigeria is not ripe enough to own
private electronic media.
But
the advantages of a privatized media outweigh that of government ownership.
This ranges from broadcasting service characterized by high degree of
aggressiveness, pragmaticism, technical competence to placing top priority on
the generation of more revenue maximization of profit and be in a comfortable
position to execute its programme. Babaginda deregulated the broadcast industry
by granting licence to private individuals and organizations to setup
radio and television broadcasting
stations.
2.4: THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT.
A
medium is the channel through which message travel from the source to the
receiver. Mass media include not only the mechanical device that transmit and
sometimes store the message e.g television, radio, microphone and printing
press etc but also the institution that uses these machines to transmit the
message. In other word, when we talk about mass media we are referring to the
people, the organization and the technology that goes into producing mass
communication.
Research
into mass communication effects indicates that the mass media are more powerful
at the learning and information levels than at the persuasive level.
As
early as the 1940s, the renowned social researcher and media scholar Paul
Lazarsfeld noted the power of the mass media to confer status on people and
public issues merely by reporting them. Through these functions, when people
appear in the media, such appearance enhances the personalities of the people
to whom media attention is so given.
The
power of the mass media to perform this function has been exploited and
sometimes abused by journalists and peoples in different societies or
communities.
According
to Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary, International Student's Edition says
that mass media is designed as information and news such as newspapers, radio,
television and magazine to reach and influence large number of people.
It
is well known that most raw material is provided for the urban community and
despite this, the contributions of the rural community have not received
adequate attention which they deserve.
The
significance for human life cannot be underestimated. This is true because
beyond the physical requirements of food and shelter man needs to communicate
with his or her fellow human beings. This urge for communication is a primal
one and in our contemporary civilization a necessity for survival. That is to
say without communication no society can exist, much less develop and survive.
For
the existence as well as the organization of every society communication is a
fundamental and vital process. Mass communication deals with messages addressed
from one to many persons mediated by elements in mass media such as radio,
television, film, newspaper, magazine and books etc.
Mass
communication is the technological means of sending information, ideas and
opinions from a mass communicator to a complex audience. sIt is also defined as
comprising the institutions and techniques by which specialized groups such as
broadcasters, film producers and publishers employ technological devices to
disseminate symbolic content to large heterogeneous and widely disperse
audience.
Mass
media must serve essential functions in the society by accepting and fulfilling certain obligations
to the society. These obligations are mainly to met by setting high
professional standards of informativeness, accuracy and objectivity. In
accepting and applying these obligations the elements of the mass media should
be self regulating within the framework of the society.
2.5: THE PROBLEMS FACING TELEVISION IN NIGERIA.
Some
of the problems facing television in Nigeria includes:
a.
The high cost of television sets.
b.
The poor or complete absence of
electricity supply.
c.
The problem of poverty, most people
in the urban and rural areas are so poor that they cannot afford to buy radio
batteries not to talk of television sets.
CHAPTER THREE:
SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND
CONCLUSION.
SUMMARY.
In
summary three findings were made; Firstly television has certain peculiar qualities
that give it unique effectiveness as a medium for achieving community
development.
Secondly,
the fact that Nigeria people view their government with certain level of
instruct would continue to have negative impact on the government sponsored
pro-development message and programmes given out through television.
Finally,
television with its growing popularity and greater sophistication is seriously
challenging radio in its long-standing status as a uniquely effective tool for
community development.
RECOMMENDATION:
Based
on its findings this long essay, made numbers of recommendation. First, members
of each community should be made to realize the importance of communication in
the process of community development. In realization, this community members
should be made to see the importance of choosing the right words for use in the
context so that ideas or opinions on community development as expressed by each
community would be understood and
eventually lead to collaborate efforts.
Community
leaders should endeavour to engage in clear communication so as to enlist the
participation of everybody in the process of community development.
Community
development agents or community leaders should ensure effective circulation of
information among different participants by using communication tools and
channels appropriately to the group involved.
Secondly,
government should be alive to its responsibility by ensuring that there is an
adequate provision of amenities in the community to stand them in better position
to interact and participate actively in the communication process that concerns
them.
Radio
should also be brought in to supporting television in community development and
it should in this regard adapt to demands or community journalism.
Finally, Government
should create a program to eradicate illiteracy in rural communities and should
also tackle the problem of poor or complete absence of electricity supply. They
should reduce the cost of television set so that people in the grass root areas
can afford to buy television.
CONCLUSION:
This
long essay has investigated the impact of television in community development.
The long essay through its findings affirmed the unrivalled effectiveness of
television as an agent of community development. It equally highlighted the
clear relevance of radio as a means of alter nature and partner to television
in development journalism.
REFERENCES:
Adebayo
A. (2002)
Adelemo
(1993)
Ajibade O. (2010). Some socio-political
and economic factors that shaped the history of Nigerian
Newspapers. (1932-2012) p. 248 Lagos Department of Mass Communication,
University of Lagos.
Akpan
Floyes (Prof) A seminar paper titled
"journalism and community development" 1986.
Anyanwu
(1992)
Hovaland
etal (1953)
Livesey
(2011)
MacBride,
S. (1981) Many Voices, One World (Nigeria Edition). Ibadan University Press.
Okunna
C.S (1990) Introduction to Mass Communication New Generation Books Enugu.
Omosuji
(2004)
Schram
Wilbur (1964) mass media and national development.
World
Wide Web. W.W.W. com
The child also sees and interacts with
other children from different families and learns the dos and don’ts of the
school and wider society. 
An individual acquires a lot of
experience both positive and negative from his 
They are taught to be good to the
entire society at large. They are also punished when they break the rules
guiding the community.
