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LEGION QUIZ

****UNorganized page**** #winks

THE LEGION OF MARY

1.       Who is she that comes forth as the morning rising, fair as the moon, bright as the sun, terrible as an army set in battle array? written in what chapter of the bible?  (Song 6:10)

2.       “The Virgin’s name was Mary.” was written in what chapter of the bible? (Lk I:27)

3.       “The Legion of Mary! What a perfectly chosen name!” was said by who?(Pope Pius XI)

4.       Define Legion of Mary according to the Legion Handbook.

5.       Complete the following sentence.... “The whole life of men, both individual and social, shows itself to be a struggle, and a dramatic one, between ...... and......., between ....... and .........”

6.       The legionaries hope to render themselves worthy of their great heavenly Queen by their .........,  ........... ,and ..........

7.       The Legion of Mary is organised on the model of ...........

8.       The terminology of which Legionary is adopted, what is the terminology??

9.       This army, now so considerable, had .............. of beginnings???

10.     There was no premeditation in regard to rules and practices of the first Legion meeting.  TRUE or FALSE?

11.    ........ crystallised everything for which the Legion of Mary stands?

12.    Describe the first simple alter of the Legion

13.    Legionaries adopted Blessed Virgin Mary,She did not adopt them. TRUE or FALSE?

14.    The first corporate act of those legionaries was ............

15.    . When the final ejaculations died away, they set themselves to the consideration of ........

16.    From that discussion came forth the .........

17.    Who among them could think that they were inaugurating a system which was to be a new world-force, Which system are they taking about?

18.    That first enrolment of legionaries of Mary took place at where,time,on which date and on which feast day?

19.    What was the title of the Legion parent branch?

20.    The organisation was for a time known as........

21.    What has been the first and constant aim of this organisation?

22.    And it is in her alone that man can be properly and in a life-like way formed into God, so far as human nature is capable of this by the grace of Jesus Christ.” Who made this statement

23.    “The Legion of Mary presents the true face of the Catholic Church”  Who made the statement

CHAPTER TWO    OBJECT

24.    What is the object of the Legion of Mary?

25.    The Legion of Mary is at the disposal of who?

26.    Legionaries will never engage in any of these services whatsoever in a parish without the sanction of Who?

27.    By the Ordinary in the Legion handbook  is meant the.........

                            LEGION  OF  MARY  QUIZ

1. The Legionaries hope to render themselves worthy of their great heavenly Queen by their ........, ...... ,   and .......                     

ans,(their loyalty, their virtues and their courage.)

2. How was the first alter set?

ans-Table bore simple alter of which centre was a statue of immaculate conception of miraculous medal,on white cloth,flanked by two vases with flowers, and two candle sticks with lighted candles

3. According to chapter 1 of legion handbook, Legion of Mary is

ans- an army

4.The first corporate act of those Legionaries was ---------ans-To go on their knees,the ernest head bend low,invocation of the Holy Spirit,

5.They set themselves to the consideration of --------- ans-how they could please God and make loved in his world.

6.That first enrolment of Legionaries of Mary took place at-----by what time??? on what day???

ans-Myra house,francis street, dublin, ireland, at 8p.m on 7th Sept.1921(feast of Our Lady's nativity)

7.The organisation was for a time known as------- ans THE ASSOCIATION OF OUR LADY OF MERCY

8. The first and constant aim of the Legionary------ ans To reproduce in itself the likeness of Mary, thus best to magnify the Lord and bring him to men.

9.Mary is the Mother of all the members of the saviour, because............. ans By her charity she has co-operated in birth of the faithful in the church(by St. Augustine)

10.What do you mean when you say that Mary is the living mould of God??? ans It is in her alone that the God Man was naturally formed without losing a feature.

11.The Legion of Mary presents the true face of the Catholic Church by (Pope John XXIII)

                  CHAPTER TWO

1.State the object of the legion.  

ans-The object of the Legion of Mary is the glory of God through the holiness of its members developed by prayer and active co-operation, under ecclesiastical guidance, in Mary's and the church's work of crushing the head of the serpent and advancing the reign of Christ.

2.Legion of Mary is at the disposal of the......... ans the bishop of the diocese and the parish priest

3.Legionaries will never engage in any of these services whatsoever in a parish without the sanction of the ......... ans parish priest or of the Ordinary.

4.Ordinary in hand book, means..... ans local ordinary(the bishop of the diocese or other competent ecclesiastical authority.)

5. The immediate end of organisations of this class is the..... ans  apostolic end of the church

6.The evangelization and sanctification of men and the Christian formation of their conscience is     to...... ans enable them to imbue with the Gospel spirit the various social groups and environments.

7.The laity acts under....... ans the superior direction of the hierarchy(which can authorise the cooperation, besides, with an explicit mandate.

                                    CHAPTER   THREE

1.THE SPIRT of the Legion of Mary is that ....... ans of MARY HERSELF

2.MENTION all the virtues of MARY as stated in the handbook.

 ans i)her profound humility, ii)her perfect obedience,

 iii)her angelical sweetness, iv)her continual prayer,

 v)her universal mortification, vi)her altogether spotless purity,

vii)her heroic patience, viii)her heavenly wisdom,

 ix)her self- sacrificing courageous love of God, x)above all her faith

(acrnomy-HOSPMPPWLF but u can still use yours)

3.Her legion essays any and every work being inspired by the two virtues.......... and ........

ans-love and faith of Mary.

4.complete the sentence " Inspired by this love and faith of Mary, her legion essays any and every work and ............ ans complains not of impossibility

5. " Inspired by this love and faith of Mary, her legion essays any and every work and complains not of impossibility,  WHY?  ans BECAUSE IT CONCEIVES THAT IT MAY  AND CAN DO ALL THINGS.(imitation of Christ, book 3:5)

6.WHO is the Perfect model of this apostolic spiritual life ans..Blessed Virgin Mary,Queen of Apostles

7.While on earth,Mary's life was like that of any other, filled with..........&..........

ans labours and cares of the home.

             CHAPTER FOUR

1.The Roman LEGION, from which the legion takes its name has come down through the centuries illustrious  for ....., ......., ......, ......,&....... ans loyalty,courage, discipline, endurance, and success.

2.ST.Clement who was converted by ..........,was a fellow-worker of ........ ans St.Peter , St.Paul respectively.

3.Who proposes the Roman army as a model to be imitated by the church???    ans ST.CLEMENT

4.According to the Legion hand book, WHO ARE THE ENEMY???

  ans They are the wicked who resist the will of God

5. Let us throw ourselves determinedly into the warfare of Christ and submit ourselves to his.........

ans glorious commands

6.complete the statement."let us scrutinise those who serve in the Roman Legion under the military authorities and note their......, ......, ....., in executing orders. ans discipline,readiness and obedience .

7.A certain organic unity binds all parts, so that each helps and is helped by all.

    All parts work together in an interdependence and yield a common obedience for the benefit of

    the whole body.

8.The analogy of our body like the head is nothing without the feet...... in the handbook was given by WHO??? ans    ST.CLEMENT,-POPE AND MARTY.Epistle to the Corinthians(96 AD) chapters 36 and 37

NB-from  number 4 to 8 were said by St.Clement.and were under-"must put on the whole armour of GOD.

9.mention all the legionary service.

   i)must put on the whole armour of God(Eph 6:11)

   ii)must be a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God,not conformed to this world.(Rom 12:1-2)

   iii)must not turn from toil and hardship(2 cor 11:27)

   iv)must live in love as Christ loved us and gave himself up for us(Eph 5:2)

    v) must finish the race(2 Tim 4:7)

NB:u mustn't force all the chapters and verses to ur head, but try know where they come from if u

       can

10."TO RECEIVE SO MUCH AND TO REPAY SO LITTLE: O! THAT IS A MARTYRDOM TO WHICH I SECCUMB." This is a sentiment that is echoed by a noble generosity. Whose sentiment is this.

ans  ST TERESA OF AVILA

11.What more was there to do for my vineyard that I have not done in it??? ans book of Isaiah 5:4

12. Generally, legionary devotedness will have ................, ANS- a humbler stage

13. Generally, legionary devotedness will have a humbler stage, but still one giving ample opportunity for practise of a quiet  but

      ...... ANS- True heroism

14.These(toil and hardship) may all be won over, but without ....... ANS- the exercise of a patient and brave spirit.

15.The secret of all success with others lies in........ ANS- the establishment of personal contact, the contact of love and sympathy.

16.The love in the fourth legionary services, must be more than.......... ANS- Appearance

17.This love must be able to stand up to the tests that real friendships can bear, and this will frequently involve........

     ANS- little mortification.

18.At the bottom of all really fruitful work must be ........ ANS- the readiness to give oneself entirely

19.Without readiness to give oneself entirely , one's service has ........ ANS- no substance

20.The call of the Legion is for a service without .......or........ ANS- limit or reservation.

21.This is not counsel of perfection, but of necessity as well, for if excellence is not aimed at, .........will not be achieved?

     ANS- persevering membership

22. If excellence is not aimed at, .........

     ANS- persevering membership will not be achieved.

23.Must the note of performance be attached to individual membership alone???? ANS- NO!!!

24.Apprehensive of this spirit of change, the Legion appeals unceasingly for  ....... ANS- sterner temper

25.Legion sends its members to their tasks with the unchanging watchword.what is the unchanging watchword?

      ANS- HOLD FIRM

26.Each and every item of the legion's round of duty must be stamped with this selfsame seal of........

     ANS- persevering effort

27.Real achievement  is dependent upon.......... ANS-sustained effort

28.Sustained effort in turn is the outcome of........ ANS- unconquerable will to win

29.There was a vexillum on the first alter set at Myra house for legion prayer.TRUE OR FALSE???

30.Legion enjoins  on its branches and its members a universal attitude of refusal to accept defeat, or to court it by a tendency to grade items of work in terms of the "promising" the "unpromising", "the hopeless," etc.

   

 Chapter 29

1,The whole idea of organization is …….. ANS –The unification of the many

2,From the member up through the ascending grades of authority in the Legion ……must exist? ANS- principle of connection

3,According to the handbook, in a voluntary organization, the cement of connection is…..ANS- Loyalty

4,……will inspire legionary and praesidium  and council with a dread of independent aaction. ANS-True Loyalty

                            LEGION  OF  MARY  QUIZ

1. The Legionaries hope to render themselves worthy of their great heavenly Queen by their                ,               and                       

ans,(their loyalty, their virtues and their courage.)

2. How was the first alter set?

ans-Table bore simple alter of which centre was a statue of immaculate conception of miraculous medal,on white cloth,flanked by two vases with flowers, and two candle sticks with lighted candles

3. According to chapter 1 of legion handbook, Legion of Mary is

ans- an army

4.The first corporate act of those Legionaries was ---------ans-To go on their knees,the ernest head bend low,invocation of the Holy Spirit,

5.They set themselves to the consideration of --------- ans-how they could please God and make loved in his world.

6.That first enrolment of Legionaries of Mary took place at-----by what time??? on what day???

ans-Myra house,francis street, dublin, ireland, at 8p.m on 7th Sept.1921(feast of Our Lady's nativity)

7.The organisation was for a time known as------- ans THE ASSOCIATION OF OUR LADY OF MERCY

8. The first and constant aim of the Legionary------ ans To reproduce in itself the likeness of Mary, thus best to magnify the Lord and bring him to men.

9.Mary is the Mother of all the members of the saviour, because............. ans By her charity she has co-operated in birth of the faithful in the church(by St. Augustine)

10.What do you mean when you say that Mary is the living mould of God??? ans It is in her alone that the God Man was naturally formed without losing a feature.

11.The Legion of Mary presents the true face of the Catholic Church by (Pope John XXIII)

                  CHAPTER TWO

1.State the object of the legion.  

 LOADING..........

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Good evening everybodyi hope u all had a wonderful daypls i nid d opinion of matured minds here to avoid mistake,i dont knw it allu had and agreement wit someone dat if he help u do something, d money is 50k, dat u wil give him 10k, and at d end of d hustle, d something produced 45k, pls how much wil u now give d person, state witur reasons, 10k, 5k or anyoda amount? Specify wit facts plsall votes nowthank u for ur time.......Pls notin is attached again, as in weda d person cut d money to 45k, no such no hapun, everything hapuned as i said it, now tell me how much to give dperson, compare and contrast pls so dat no party wilfeel cheated

SORGHUM

INTRODUCTION

Sorghum  plays  an  important   role  in  the  development  and  evolution  of dedicated  energy  crops.  This  work  focuses  on  sorghum  growth  and development,  composition,  relevant  production  issues  and  varieties.  As  an energy  crop,  sorghum  is  unique  in  that  there  several  types  of  sorghum  that  are  and  can  be  used  biofuel  and  bioproduct  production,with  the  defining  factor  in  these  crops  being  the  primary  source  of  carbohydrates.

Sorghum (sorghum bicolor (L)moench)  is  an  indigenous  crop  to  Africa  , and  though  commercial  needs  and  uses  may  charge  over  time,  sorghum  will  remain  a  basic  staple  food  for  many  rular  communities.  The  latter  is  especially  true  in  the  more  drought  prone  areas of South Africa  where  this  crops provide  better household  food  security  than  maize.

Sorghum  is  mainly  cultivated  in  drier  areas,  especially  in  shallow  and heavy  clay  soil.  The production  of  sorghum  in  South Africa  varies  from  100,000 ton (13,000 ha to 180,000 ha)  per  annum. The  free  state  and  Mpumalanga  provinces  are the largest contributors  to  the  area planted  to n Sorghum  and  Sorghum  production.

In  recent  years,  there has  been  a  shift  in  Sorghum  production  from  the  drier  western  production  areas  to  the  wetter  eastern  areas.  This  change  has  resulted  in  the  identification  and  development  of  cultivars  which  are  more  tolerant  to  lower  temperature.

SORGHUM  CULTIVATION

Sorghum is a cultivated  grass  native  to  sub-saharan  Africa,  several  varieties  of  which  are  widely  grown  for  the  grain,  as  forage,  as  a  source  of  syrup.

Sorghum  belongs to  the  grass  family,  Graminea.  It  is  essential   that  producers  know  the  crop  they  are  cultivating  in  order  to  develope the  most  effective  production  practices.

planting  sorghum

Planting  time  usually  varies  from  September  to  January ,  depending on  planting  rain  and  soil  temperature  early  in  the  season. Crop  failures  are  likely  in  central  and  southern  regions from  very  early  plantings  in  August - September  and  very  late  plantings  in  February- March  due  to  cold  conditions.  Planting  at  the  early  end  of  the  range  is preferred  to  avoid  midge  bproblems   and  to  allow  the  option  to  double-crop  a  winter  crop  if  sufficient  rainfall  is  received.  Best  yields  usually  follow  October  plantings.  These  crops  usually  miss  insect   damage  by  midge.  With late crops,  midge  resistant  sorghum  hybrids and/or  with  the  use  of  insecticide  sprays.  Generally, mid-season  hybrids  are  the  best  over all  performance.  Sorghum ergot  disease  risk  can  be  minimized  by  planting  from  mid-October  to  mid-January  in  southern  Queenland  so  that  flowering  occurs  between  mid-January  to  mid-March  when  the  probability  of  ergot  developing  in  sorghum  florets  is  lowest.

Plant population

DRYLAND

 Expected yields largely determine the population required. Lower populations are required

in the  marginal areas and high populations where  conditions are good. 

Planting population - dryland

Yield  expectation(t/ha)	Plant/ha
1-3	30000-50000
3-5	50000-75000
5-7	75000-150000

Quick-maturing hybrids planted in good conditions require higher plant populations than

slower hybrids to realise the yield potential for a particular environment.

IRRIGATED

 In irrigated crops, the choice of target plant population is dependent on row spacing.

Increase populations to 150,000-200,000 plants/ha for partial irrigation, or 220,000-250,000

for full irrigation.

Planting population - irrigated

Row spacing (m)	Plants/ha
0.15-0.30	250,000
0.75	150,000
1.0 (single rows)	120,000
1.0 (twin rows)	200,000

Average seeding rate

·        Dryland 3-4 kg/ha

·        Irrigated 10 kg/ha.

The rate depends on seed size, target population, expected establishment and germination

percentage.

 How to calculate planting rate (kg/ha)

Planting rate = Target population (plants/ha) x100 x 100

                             No. of seeds/kg x expected field establishment (%) x germination (%)

No of seeds/kg = 28,000 (depending on variety, marked on bag)

Germination % = marked on bag

Expected field establishment (depending on insects, seedbed, machinery):

       Precision planter 70-80%

       Airseeder (press wheels) 50-70%

       Airseeder (no press wheels) 40-60%

Row spacing

·        25 cm optimum for yields exceeding 4 t/ha.

·        50 cm for expected yields of 3-4 t/ha.

·        75 cm for expected yields of 1-3 t/ha.

Under good growing conditions, narrow rows out-yield wide rows. This advantage decreases

as soil moisture reserves decline. There may be situations where it is necessary to row crop

even though expected yield indicates narrow rows are superior (e.g. where inter-row

cultivation is used for weed control).

In dry areas where yields are less than 1.0 t/ha, the row spacing may be as wide as 2m.

Depending on the planter, twin rows spaced 18-45 cm apart with wide centre give a less

cramped spatial arrangement of seedlings and have regularly shown yield benefits.

Seed placement depth

50-75 mm into moisture. It is only necessary to plant seed deep enough to

give it moisture to germinate and allow its roots to grow down through moist soil into

subsoil moisture, ahead of the drying front.

Suitability for zero tillage

Sorghum is the most widely grown zero tillage summer crop in the Burnett. It tolerates

compacted subsoil and can stand high presswheel pressure at planting. Good grass control

in the crop is essential to achieve high yields but this can be expensive with herbicides.

Some farmers are now using shielded sprayers and knock down herbicides prior to planting.

The longer the paddock is under zero tillage the easier it is to establish the following crops.

GROWTH  AND  DEVELOPMENT

The  growth  and  development of sorghum are divided into the vegetative and reproductive growth stages

Vegetative growth stages:  Identification of the sorghum growth stage during vegetative growth is done according to leaf development.

Reproductive growth stages: The identification of the reproductive growth stage is done according to the development of grain kernels.

GROWTH REQUIREMENTS AND ADAPTATION

The optimum growth requirements of sorghum plants, in order to exploit its inherit yield potential, are a deep well-drained fertile soil, a medium to good and fairly stable rainfall pattern during the growing season, temperate to warm weather (20 – 30 °C) and a frost-free period of approximately 120 to 140 days.

Soil requirements

Sorghum is mainly grown on low potential, shallow soils with high clay content, which usually are not suitable for the production of maize. Sorghum usually grows poorly on sandy soils, except where a heavy textured subsoil is present. Sorghum is more tolerant of alkaline salts than other grain crops and can therefore be successfully cultivated on soils with a pH (KCl) between 5,5 and 8,5. Sorghum can better tolerate short periods of waterlogging compared to maize. Soils with a clay percentage of between 10 and 30 % are optimal for sorghum production.

Climatic requirements

The climatic requirements for the production of sorghum are divided into temperature, day length and water needs.

Temperature

Sorghum is a warm-weather crop, which requires high temperatures for good germination and growth. The minimum temperature for germination varies from 7 to 10 °C. At a temperature of 15 °C, 80 % of seed germinate within 10 to 12 days. The best time to plant is when there is sufficient water in the soil and the soil temperature is 15 °C or higher at a depth of 10 cm. Temperature plays an important role in growth and development after germination. A temperature of 27 to 30 °C is required for optimum growth and development. The temperature can, however, be as low as 21 °C, without a dramatic effect on growth and yield.  Exceptionally high temperatures cause a decrease in yield.

Day length

Sorghum is a short-day plant, which means that the plant requires short days (long nights) before proceeding to the reproductive stage. The optimum photoperiod, which will induce flower formation, is between 10 and 11 hours. Photoperiods longer than 11 to 12 hours stimulate vegetative growth. The tropical varieties are usually more sensitive to photoperiod than the quick, short-season varieties. Sorghum plants are most sensitive to photoperiod during flower initiation.

Water requirements

Sorghum is produced in South Africa on a wide range of soils, and under fluctuating rainfall conditions of approximately 400 mm in the drier western parts to about 800 mm in the wetter eastern parts.

FERTILISATION

 To assess the correct quantity  of fertiliser to be applied for optimal yield, soil samples should be taken according to the recommendations of an accredited soil laboratory.

Fertiliser recommendations made according to the soil analysis should be applied accordingly.

 Symptoms of deficiencies that may be observed in the field are as follows:

·        Nitrogen (N) deficiency—young plants are light green or yellow- green, at a more mature stage the older leaves start yellowing first, with a characteristic inverted V-shape.

·        Phosphorus (P) deficiency—under wet, cool conditions leaves of young plants may turn dark green with reddish-purple margins and tips.

·        Potassium (K) deficiency—a deficiency of K is initially noted as yellow or necrotic leaf margins, beginning at the lower leaves and spreading to the upper leaves.

WEEDS

Weed control during the first 6 to 8 weeks after planting is crucial, as weeds compete vigorously with the crop for nutrients and water during this period. The root parasite Striga asiatia (L.) Kuntze or witchweed (rooiblom) can damage the crop and mainly occurs under low input farming conditions. The parasitic plants are single stemmed with bright red flowers. Most of the damage is done before the parasite emerges from the soil. The symptoms include leaf wilting, leaf rolling, and leaf scorching even though the soil may have sufficient water. The tiny seeds are disseminated by wind, water and animals, and remain viable in the soil for 15 to 20 years. rotation with cotton, groundnut, cowpea and pigeonpea will reduce the incidence of Striga. Hand pulling the plants before flowering may be useful.

MARKETING, USES AND PRODUCTS

Grading

 For grading purposes sorghum is divided into the following classes:

Class GM: This includes malt sorghum that does not have a dark testa (condensed tannins), is listed as a GM cultivar and meets the requirements of Class GM sorghum as stipulated by the grading regulations.

Class GL: This includes sorghum which does not have a dark testa (condensed tannins) and is from a GM cultivar that cannot be graded in the Class GM sorghum or from a GL cultivar as stipulated in the cultivar list, and meets the requirements of Class GL sorghum as stipulated by the grading regulations.

Class GH:This includes malt sorghum which has a dark testa (condensed tannins) and is from a GH cultivar as determined by the cultivar list, and meets the requirements of Class GH sorghum as stipulated by the grading regulations.

Other sorghum:This includes sorghum which does not meet the requirements of Class GM, Class GL and Class GH sorghum.

Sorghum products for the consumer

Malt: Commercial malt is produced from GM cultivars with specific character- istics. Industrial malt is produced from GM and GH cultivars. Condensed tannins in GH cultivars are neutralised before malting commences. The malt is used in the industrial production of sorghum beer.

Beer: Preparation of beer is a lengthy process covering 3 days. Ingredients for the preparation of beer are malt, meal and yeast.

Beer powder: Instant beer powder is a premixed product that consists mainly of sorghum malt, a starch component and brewers yeast. A 24-hour period is needed before the beer can be consumed.

Sorghum meal: Sorghum meal, also known as Mabele, directly competes with maize meal. Sorghum with condensed tannins is not used for meal production .

Sorghum rice: Sorghum rice or corn rice is whole, decorticated sorghum.

Livestock feed: and other animal products Livestock feed is the most important market for surplus sorghum, as it competes effectively with other grain products in terms of price and quality. Sorghum is an important component in poultry feed and good progress has been made in the manufacturing of dog food, as well as pigeon and  ostrich  food

SORGHUM VARIETIES

Scientific classification

Kingdom:Plantae

order:Poales

Family :Poaceae

Sub-Family:Panicoideae

Tribe: Andropogoneae

Genus: Sorghum

Species: sorghum bicolor

 The genus sorghum is divided into five sections: Parasorghum, Stiposorghum, Heterosorghum, Chaetosorghum and Sorghum.

Parasorghum: Sheath-nodes densely bearded, pedicillate spikelets staminate, panicle branches simple, awn and callus well developed, chromosomes large, n=5.

Stiposorghum: As Parasorghum except awn and callus better developed, n=5.

Heterosorghum: Pedicellate spikelets reduced to glumes, panicle branches divided, awn and callus poorly developed, chromosomes medium, n=10 or 20.

 Chaetosorghum: Pedicellate spikelets reduced to glumes, panicle branch simple, awn well developed, callus poorly developed, chromosomes medium, n=10 or 20.

Sorghum: Sheath-nodes glabrous or finely pubescent, not bearded, pedicellate spikelet staminate, panicle branches divided, awn and callus poorly developed, chromosomes medium, n=10.

Section Sorghum includes annual cultivated forms from Asia and Africa and perennial taxa from southern Europe and Asia.

Three species are recognized:

 •S. halepense (L.) Pers. (2n=40): A rhizomatous perennial species with creeping rhizomes, pedicellate spikelets deciduous when mature, and up to 25 cm long.

•S. propinquum (Kunth) Hitchc (2n=20): A rhizomatous perennial species with creeping rhizomes, pedicelled spikelets deciduous when mature, sessile spikelets acute to acuminate, lower glume with the keels ending without or with only obscure teeth, leaf blades broad, panicles large, and 20–60 cm long.

•S. bicolor (L.) Moench: annual taxa cultivated.

Species S. bicolor comprises three subspecies: bicolor, drummondii and verticilliflorum.

•Subsp. bicolor: Plants annuals, with stout culms, often branched, frequently tillering, leaf blades up to 90 cm long and 12 cm wide, inflorescence open or contracted panicle, branches often several from lower nodes, obliquely ascending or spreading, racemes tough.

 •Subsp. drummondii: Plants annual with relatively stout culms, leaf blades lanceolate up to 50 cm long and 6 cm wide, panicles rather contracted, branches somewhat pendulous, racemes more or less crowded, mostly 3-5 noded, tardily disarticulating at maturity.

•Subsp. verticilliflorum: Plants tufted annuals or weak biannual, leaf blades linear-lanceolate up to 75 cm long and 6 cm wide, panicles usually large, somewhat contracted to loose with branches obliquely ascending or spreading, racemes 1–5 noded, fragile.

 The cultivated sorghums (Sorghum bicolor Subsp. bicolor) were classified into five basic races

•Bicolor: Grain elongate, sometimes slightly obovate, nearly symmetrical dorso-ventrally, glumes clasping the grain, which may be completely covered or exposed as much as ¼ of its length at the tip, spikelets persistent.

•Guinea: Grain flattened dorso-ventrally, sublenticular in outline, twisting at maturity nearly 90 degrees between gaping involute glumes that are from nearly as long to longer than the grain.

•Caudatum: Grain markedly symmetrical, the side next to the lower glume flat or in extreme cases somewhat concave, the opposite side rounded and bulging, the persistent style often at the tip of a beak pointing towards the lower glume, glumes ½ the length of the grain or less.

•Kafir: Grain approximately symmetrical more or less spherical, glumes clasping and variable in length.

•Durra: Grain rounded obovate, wedge-shaped at the base and broadest slightly above the middle; glumes very wide, the tip of a different texture from the base and often with a transverse crease across the middle.

These five basic races and ten intermediate combinations can account for all the variation in the cultivated forms.

CONCLUSION

sorghum  is  an  important  crop  world  wide  used  for  food(as  grain  and  in  sorghum  syrup  and  sorghum  molasses),  animal  folder,  the  production  of  alcoholic  beverages,  and  biofuel.  Most  varieties  are  drought  and  heat  tolerant  and  are  especially  important  in  arid  region,  where  the  grain  is  one  of  the  staples  for  poor  and  rural  people  .  This  varieties  form  important  component  of  pastures  in  many  tropical   regions.S.bicolor  is  an  important  food  crop  in  Africa,central America and  South  Asia,  and  is  the  fifth  most  important  cereal  crop  grown  in  the  world.

REFERENCES

Ø The  state  of  Queensland (Department  of  Agriculture  and  fisheries)  2010-2015

Queensland  Government.

Ø Sorghum  production  -  Jean  du  plessis

Ø en. m. wikipedia. org/wiki/sorghum.